Internal political obstacles to the realization of Islamic unity in Pakistan from 1977 to 2020

Document Type : The scientific research paper

Authors

1 Ph.D. student of Islamic History and Civilization Complex, Al-Mustaf International University, Pakistan (ghalam_shobirnaeim@miu.ac.ir)

2 Department of Civilization and Contemporary History,Islamic History and Civilization Complex ,Al-Mustafa International University, qom, Iran. (sr_mahdinejad@miu.ac.ir)

10.22034/mte.2023.14360.1656

Abstract

Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization program and instrumental use of extremist groups in the Afghanistan war in the late 1980s are the starting point of Sunni-Shia conflicts in Pakistan. As a result of these policies, extreme sectarianism spread in this country, and the actions of politicians and soldiers severely affected Sunni and Shia unity and created many obstacles in the way of its realization. The present study, with historical method and approach, aims to investigate the political obstacles to the realization of unity in Pakistan. Knowing these obstacles can make the followers of the Islamic sect aware of the political intentions behind the scenes and divisiveness and prevent them from extreme sectarianism and lead them towards unity.
The findings of the research show that there are many political obstacles in the way of realizing Islamic unity. The most important of these obstacles are: using religion as a tool for political purposes, creating sectarian identities, financial and military support from extremist groups, excessive expansion of religious schools and lack of supervision, mismanagement of Afghan immigrants.

Keywords

References

  1. الف. فارسی

    1. رحمان، نجفی سیار و علی‌پور، عباس (1392)، «کشتار سازمان‌یافته شیعیان در پاکستان؛ علل، احداف، بازیگران»، فصل‌نامه آفاق امنیت، سال ششم، ش20.
    2. کاظمی، آصف و فراتی، عبدالوهاب (تابستان 1401)، «بررسی انتقادی موانع همگرایی در یک قرن اخیر جهان اسلام»، فصل‌نامه مطالعات تاریخی جهان اسلام، ش۲۲.
    3. مسعودنیا، حسین و نجفی، داود (پاییز 1390)، «عوامل مؤثر در تکوین و رشد بنیاد‌گرایی در پاکستان»، فصل‌نامه مطالعات شبه قاره، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، سال سوم، ش8: 83ـ116.
    4. مقدم، احسان؛ رستگار، پرویز و قاسم‌پور،محسن (تابستان 1400)، «تاریخچه شکل‌گیری،اصول رفتاری و مبانی مشترک جریان‌های تکفیر معاصر»، فصل‌نامه مطالعات تاریخی جهان اسلام، ش۱۸.
    5. نصر، ولی (1386)، «ارتش، اسلام‌گرایی و دمو کراسی در پاکستان»، مترجم: معصومه انتظام، اطلاعات سیاسی اقتصادی، ش 238.

    ب. اردو

    1. ترمذی، سید احمد ارشاد (2004)، حساس اداری، مترجم: افضال شاهد، زاهد بشیر پرنترز لاهور.
    2. مسعود، وجاهت (2009)، طالبان یا جمهوریت پاکستان دو راهه پر، نگارشات پبلشرز لاهور.
    3. وسایا، الله (2000)، پارلیمنت مین قادیانیون کی شکست، علم و عرفان پبلشرز.
     

    ج. انگلیسی

    1. Abbas Hassan (2015), Pakistan’s drift in to extremism: Allah, the Army, and America’s war on terror, published routledge new York USA.
    2. Abbas, azmat (2002), sectarianism: the palyers and the game, Lahore, south Asia partnership.
    3. Abbas, Hassan (2010), sectarianism in Pakistan.
    4. Ahmed javaid Iqbal (2020), terrorism In the name of religion in Pakistan: origin, development&its impacts, researchgate.net.
    5. Akram ullah, frman ullah (2017), Analytical of selected urdu books about intra-faith unity in pakistan, jirs, vol: 2, p. 131-142.
    6. Amir mir (2012), blood flows freely in Pakistan, Asia times, 5 october, 2011 as reproduction of exclusivist sectariandiscourse, university of bradford.
    7. Burky, javed shahid (1991), Pakistan under the miltiry eleven years of zia al haq, Lahore: westview press.
    8. Haqqani Hussain (2005), Pakistan: between mosque and military, Washington, dc: Carnegie endowment for international peace: brookings institution press.
    9. hassan, h.from the pulpit to ak-47: sectarian conflict in jhang, pakistan. pakistan jurnal of history and culture, vol: 32, no, 2.
    10. Jazab rehman khan (2021), spread of religious hatred through digital media in Pakistan: the case of tehreek-e-labbiak Pakistan, jmc journal of media and communication studies v, 1, 1 jannury.
    11. Kunal Mukherjee (2010), Islamic revivalism and politics in contemporary Pakistan, jurnal of develpig societies, 26, no3, pp 329-353.
    12. Lieven, anatol (2012), Pakistan a hard country, public Affaires new york.
    13. Muhammed amir rana (2003), gateway to terrorism, London: new millennium publication.
    14. Mumtaz, ahmed (2003), shi political activisim in Pakistan, studies in contemporary islam, 5, no1-2spring and fall.
    15. Nasar syyed vali raza (1999), sectariansm and shia political in Pakistan, 1979-present.in: cemoti, n28, turquie Israel, pp 311-323.
    16. Noman.umer (1988), the political economy of Pakistan.1947-1985. london, Kegan paul international.
    17. Pervez hoodbhoy official youtube channel (2020), why does Pakistan need religious fanticks now? interview with dr aesha siddiqa, pp 5-12.
    18. (2008) pinault. d. notes from the fortune parrot-islam and the struggle for religious pluralism in Pakistan, lodonequinox publishing.
    19. Rana, Muhammad amir (2011), A to Z of jihadi organization in pakistan, mashal books lahore.
    20. Rana, muhammed amir (2018), Pakistan0based militant groups & prospects of their reintegration: a structural analysis, mantraya occasional paper v6, 12 march.
    21. Rana, muhammed, amir, evolution of militant in pakistan.
    22. Riikonen, katjabeyond the sipahs, jaishs and lashkars sectarian voilance in Pakistan.
    23. Sabat, ahmed; muhammed shoaib, religious populism in Pakistani Punjab: how khadam rizvis tehreek-e-labbaik Pakistan emerged, iasr, vol, 23, pp 365-381.
    24. Saima naz, lubna kanwal (2022), civil-militry relations in Pakistan. 2008-2013. jrspvol, 59, no, 1, (jan-march).
    25. Seva, Iqbal singh (2018), the rise of barelvi political activism in Pakistan, isas insights no, 520, 13-october.
    26. Sewag, zulqarnain (2015), sectarian rise in Pakistan: role of saodi arabia and iran, south asia journal of multidisciplinary studies, frbrary, vol, 1, no, 3.
    27. Surinder k sharma and anshumanbehra (2014), militant groups in south asia, institute for defestudies & analyzed new delhi, pentagon press.
    28. talbot.1 (2005), understanding relogous violence in contemprar.
    29. Yousaf, huma (2012), sectarian violence: pakistan’s security threat? noref, Norwegian peacebuilding resorce center.
    30. Zahra, naseem (2018), from kargil to the coup, event that shook Pakistan.

    د. اینترنتی

    1. https://www.hilal.gov.pk.
    2. https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/163506-Musharraf-admits-to-untaxed-Rs1-bn-in-foreign-accounts.
    3. https://jang.com.pk/news/825334.
    4. https://www.dawnnews.tv/news/1014951.
    5. https://www.bbc.com/urdu.
    6. https://www.humsub.com.pk/298510/syed-mujahid-ali-1362.
    7. https://www.urduvoa.com/a/new-boards-of-religious-seminaries-in-pakistan-26mar2021/5826600.html.
    8. https://www.independenturdu.com.
    9. https://southasianvoices.org.
    10. https://nayadaur.tv/2020/09/long-live-yazeed-slogans-chanted-at-extremists-rally-in-karachi.
    11. https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/05/13/what-pakistan-knew-about-the-bin-laden-raid-seymour-hersh.
    12. https://www.humnews.pk/latest/182870.
    13. https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-asia/pakistan/islamic-arties-pakistan.
    14. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2002/03/23/from-us-the-abcs-of-jihad/d079075a-3ed3-4030-9a96-0d48f6355e54.
    15. https://unhcrpk.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Pakistan-Fact-Sheet-August-2020.pdf.
    16. https://news.com/ur/articles/cnmi_pf/features/2018/10/05/feature-02.
    17. https://lubpak.net/archives/19450.
    18. https://www.dawn.com/news/1288350/exclusive-act-against-militants-or-face-international-isolation-civilians-tell-military.
    19. http://www.mei.edu.
    20. https://www.dawn.com/news/760219/hamidgul-accepts-responsibilty-for-creating-igi.
    21. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41394475.
    22. https://www.ratical.org/ratville/CAH/USjihadABCs.pdf.

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics